Geography
Coasts and sustainable cities
- 1.
Explain how hydraulic action and abrasion can erode a cliff. Distinguish the two processes.
[3 marks] · no calculator - 2.
A town proposes groynes to retain beach sediment. Evaluate one local benefit and one possible consequence for a settlement down-drift, then suggest how these could be assessed.
[4 marks] · no calculator - 3.
A city introduces a congestion charge and expands public transport. Evaluate how far this combination can improve urban sustainability, considering environmental effects and unequal impacts on residents.
[5 marks] · no calculator
Marking points are indicative, not an official mark scheme. Accept equivalent valid methods and supported interpretations that address the task; award each mark once without requiring the model wording.