History

1. 1.

   Factual framework: industrialisation in Britain involved mechanised production and urban growth; the Factory Act of 1833 regulated child labour in specified textile factories. Fictional source A, an invented factory owner's public statement: 'Regular wages have replaced uncertain seasons.' Fictional source B, an invented worker's private letter: 'The wage comes each week; the cough stays every night.' Neither is a real published quotation; analyse their assigned situations. Explain one way factory production changed the organisation of work.

   [2 marks] · no calculator

   Answer explanation

   Draft walkthroughs are based on marking guidance, not independently verified derivations.

   1. Compare the organisation rather than assuming all earlier work was free or easy. Centralisation enabled coordinated machinery and closer managerial control.
   2. Award each point once. Accept other well-supported interpretations addressing the task.

   Marking points

   • Workers and machinery were concentrated in a shared production site.
   • Factory schedules and supervision could reduce workers' control over pace and hours.

   Examiner tip: Avoid presenting all pre-industrial labour as independent home working.

2. 2.

   Factual framework: industrialisation in Britain involved mechanised production and urban growth; the Factory Act of 1833 regulated child labour in specified textile factories. Fictional source A, an invented factory owner's public statement: 'Regular wages have replaced uncertain seasons.' Fictional source B, an invented worker's private letter: 'The wage comes each week; the cough stays every night.' Neither is a real published quotation; analyse their assigned situations. Identify one agreement and one difference between the fictional sources.

   [2 marks] · no calculator

   Answer explanation

   Draft walkthroughs are based on marking guidance, not independently verified derivations.

   1. Begin with shared content rather than treating perspectives as wholly opposed. The worker accepts the wage benefit but introduces a cost omitted by the owner.
   2. Award each point once. Accept other well-supported interpretations addressing the task.

   Marking points

   • Both acknowledge regular wage payment.
   • A stresses security while B juxtaposes income with ill health.

   Examiner tip: Difference of emphasis can coexist with agreement on a fact.

3. 3.

   Factual framework: industrialisation in Britain involved mechanised production and urban growth; the Factory Act of 1833 regulated child labour in specified textile factories. Fictional source A, an invented factory owner's public statement: 'Regular wages have replaced uncertain seasons.' Fictional source B, an invented worker's private letter: 'The wage comes each week; the cough stays every night.' Neither is a real published quotation; analyse their assigned situations. Explain how the public and private settings may affect the accounts.

   [3 marks] · no calculator

   Answer explanation

   Draft walkthroughs are based on marking guidance, not independently verified derivations.

   1. Audience shapes what seems worth saying. Public defence and personal communication have different priorities, but privacy does not remove selective memory and public purpose does not make every statement false.
   2. Award each point once. Accept other well-supported interpretations addressing the task.

   Marking points

   • The owner has an incentive to defend factory employment publicly.
   • A private letter may allow expression of personal suffering not foregrounded in publicity.
   • Neither setting guarantees accuracy or representativeness.

   Examiner tip: Do not use 'private therefore true' as a reliability rule.

4. 4.

   Factual framework: industrialisation in Britain involved mechanised production and urban growth; the Factory Act of 1833 regulated child labour in specified textile factories. Fictional source A, an invented factory owner's public statement: 'Regular wages have replaced uncertain seasons.' Fictional source B, an invented worker's private letter: 'The wage comes each week; the cough stays every night.' Neither is a real published quotation; analyse their assigned situations. Explain why the existence of the 1833 Factory Act does not by itself show that child labour ended.

   [3 marks] · no calculator

   Answer explanation

   Draft walkthroughs are based on marking guidance, not independently verified derivations.

   1. Separate scope, legal rule and practice. A statute demonstrates an intended intervention, while inspection records and employment evidence would show how far conditions changed.
   2. Award each point once. Accept other well-supported interpretations addressing the task.

   Marking points

   • The law regulated specified textile factories rather than every occupation.
   • Restrictions on child work are not identical to total abolition of it.
   • Enforcement and compliance require evidence beyond the law's wording.

   Examiner tip: Do not equate passing legislation with universal compliance.

5. 5.

   Factual framework: industrialisation in Britain involved mechanised production and urban growth; the Factory Act of 1833 regulated child labour in specified textile factories. Fictional source A, an invented factory owner's public statement: 'Regular wages have replaced uncertain seasons.' Fictional source B, an invented worker's private letter: 'The wage comes each week; the cough stays every night.' Neither is a real published quotation; analyse their assigned situations. Assess the claim that industrialisation improved workers' lives. Explain how the criterion and time period affect judgement.

   [4 marks] · no calculator

   Answer explanation

   Draft walkthroughs are based on marking guidance, not independently verified derivations.

   1. Choose a measure before deciding: cash income, health and control over work may move differently. The two invented voices model that tension but cannot establish a national trend on their own.
   2. Award each point once. Accept other well-supported interpretations addressing the task.

   Marking points

   • Regular earnings or expanded employment can support improvement.
   • Health risks, long hours or crowded housing can qualify it.
   • Distinguishes wages from wider living standards and recognises change over time.
   • Offers a qualified judgement with regional or occupational variation, accepting supported alternatives.

   Examiner tip: Specify whose lives and when; avoid a single verdict for all workers across a century.

6. 6.

   Factual framework: industrialisation in Britain involved mechanised production and urban growth; the Factory Act of 1833 regulated child labour in specified textile factories. Fictional source A, an invented factory owner's public statement: 'Regular wages have replaced uncertain seasons.' Fictional source B, an invented worker's private letter: 'The wage comes each week; the cough stays every night.' Neither is a real published quotation; analyse their assigned situations. Design an evidence strategy for testing whether Source B's cough was a widespread occupational problem.

   [4 marks] · no calculator

   Answer explanation

   Draft walkthroughs are based on marking guidance, not independently verified derivations.

   1. A letter can suggest a question, not measure prevalence. Combine records across factories and compare exposures to assess whether illness clusters with work rather than simply occurring among workers.
   2. Award each point once. Accept other well-supported interpretations addressing the task.

   Marking points

   • Uses medical, inspection or mortality evidence from relevant industries.
   • Compares workers with appropriate populations accounting for age and other conditions.
   • Checks sample selection and gaps in surviving records.
   • Distinguishes frequency from causal attribution, including housing and other exposures.

   Examiner tip: The invented letter is a skills stimulus, not an archival observation to count.

Original, unofficial practice questions from SubjectScout — not official past-paper questions.