Psychology
Memory and study design
- 1.
A researcher asks whether background music affects memory. Operationalise the independent and dependent variables and identify one control variable.
[3 marks] · no calculator - 2.
In a repeated-measures memory experiment, every participant completes silence first and music second. Explain one threat to validity and how counterbalancing could address it, including one remaining limitation.
[4 marks] · no calculator - 3.
A well-controlled laboratory study with 20 volunteer university students finds a memory benefit. Evaluate the claim that the same benefit will occur for all school pupils in normal classrooms.
[5 marks] · no calculator
Marking points are indicative, not an official mark scheme. Accept equivalent valid methods and supported interpretations that address the task; award each mark once without requiring the model wording.