Chemistry
Organic chemistry — Topic 11
- 1.
Propane, C₃H₈, is a member of the alkane homologous series. State the general formula of the alkanes and use it to write the molecular formula of the alkane with 6 carbon atoms.
[3 marks] · no calculator - 2.
Ethene, C₂H₄, reacts with bromine water. Describe the observation and state the type of reaction that occurs, explaining how it differs from the reaction of an alkane with bromine water.
[4 marks] · no calculator - 3.
Ethanol, C₂H₅OH, can be produced by fermentation of glucose. Write the word equation for this reaction and state the conditions required.
[3 marks] · no calculator - 4.
Describe the addition polymerisation of ethene to form poly(ethene), including a diagram description of the repeat unit.
[3 marks] · no calculator - 5.
Distinguish between a saturated and an unsaturated hydrocarbon, and describe a simple chemical test to distinguish between them.
[3 marks] · no calculator - 6.
Ethanoic acid, CH₃COOH, is a member of the carboxylic acid homologous series. State the general properties expected of a carboxylic acid, referring to its reaction with a carbonate.
[3 marks] · no calculator - 7.
State the name and structural feature of the functional group present in alcohols, and use it to explain why ethanol is soluble in water.
[3 marks] · no calculator - 8.
Butane, C₄H₁₀, undergoes complete combustion in excess oxygen. Write the balanced symbol equation for this reaction.
[3 marks] · no calculator - 9.
Distinguish between a monomer and a polymer, using poly(ethene) as an example.
[2 marks] · no calculator - 10.
Methane, CH₄, reacts with chlorine, Cl₂, in the presence of ultraviolet light in a substitution reaction. State the type of reaction and write a word equation for the first substitution step.
[3 marks] · no calculator - 11.
Long-chain alkanes obtained from crude oil are of limited use and are in low demand, while shorter-chain alkanes and alkenes are in high demand. Describe the process of cracking, and state the two types of product it forms.
[4 marks] · no calculator - 12.
Crude oil is separated into fractions by fractional distillation. State the property used to separate the fractions, and describe how the boiling point, viscosity and flammability of the fractions change as chain length increases.
[4 marks] · no calculator - 13.
State three features that define a homologous series, using the alkanes as an example.
[3 marks] · no calculator - 14.
Butane, C₄H₁₀, has two structural isomers. State what is meant by the term structural isomers, and name the two isomers of butane.
[3 marks] · no calculator - 15.
Ethanoic acid reacts with ethanol in the presence of a concentrated sulfuric acid catalyst to form an ester. Write the word equation for this reaction, name the ester formed, and state the type of reaction that occurs.
[4 marks] · no calculator - 16.
Distinguish between complete and incomplete combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel, and explain why incomplete combustion is dangerous.
[4 marks] · no calculator - 17.
Vegetable oils, which contain carbon-carbon double bonds, are reacted with hydrogen gas in the presence of a nickel catalyst to produce margarine. State the type of reaction that occurs, and explain what happens to the double bonds during this process.
[3 marks] · no calculator - 18.
Ethene reacts with steam in the presence of a phosphoric acid catalyst to produce ethanol industrially. Write the word equation for this reaction, and state the type of reaction that occurs.
[3 marks] · no calculator - 19.
But-1-ene and but-2-ene are both alkenes with the molecular formula C₄H₈. Explain what the numbers '1' and '2' in these names indicate.
[2 marks] · no calculator - 20.
State one difference between addition polymerisation and condensation polymerisation, in terms of the number of monomer types involved and whether a small molecule is lost.
[2 marks] · no calculator - 21.
Discuss one environmental advantage and one disadvantage of using ethanol produced by fermentation of plant sugars as a biofuel, compared with using petrol derived from crude oil.
[2 marks] · no calculator - 22.
Ethanol can be converted into ethanoic acid (vinegar) by oxidation. State a condition or reagent under which this oxidation can occur, and write the word equation for the reaction.
[3 marks] · no calculator - 23.
State three pollutants that can be produced when fossil fuels are burned, and state one environmental or health problem caused by each.
[3 marks] · no calculator - 24.
State the general formula of the carboxylic acid homologous series, and use it to deduce the molecular formula of the carboxylic acid with 4 carbon atoms in total.
[3 marks] · no calculator - 25.
State the difference between a molecular formula and a structural formula, using butane, C₄H₁₀, as an example.
[2 marks] · no calculator