Reactivity 1: entropy and spontaneity (HL)
Born-Haber cycles, entropy and Gibbs free energy.
- Born-Haber cycles
- Entropy changes
- Gibbs free energy
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CHEMISTRY HL · Learning hub
Chemistry HL
About this subject
HL-only depth within Reactivity 1 (entropy, Born-Haber cycles) and Reactivity 2 (advanced acid-base equilibria). Selected topics only, not full syllabus coverage.
Topics & subtopics
Reactivity 2: acid-base equilibria (HL)
pH curves, buffer solutions and acid-base indicators.
- Titration and pH curves
- Buffer solutions
- Acid-base indicators
Reactivity 3: electron transfer (HL)
Standard electrode potentials, cell EMF and electrolysis calculations using Faraday's law.
- Electrode potentials
- Cell EMF
- Electrolysis and Faraday's law
Structure 2: advanced bonding (HL)
Formal charge, resonance, expanded octets, hybridization, and bond enthalpy calculations.
- Formal charge and resonance
- Hybridisation and octets
- Bond enthalpy
Structure 3: transition metals (HL)
Transition metal electron configurations, complex ions, color, and catalysis.
- Transition-metal configurations
- Complex ions and colour
- Catalysis
Structured progression
Revision Ladder
Start with foundations, then move through application and challenge. Stages use activity marks and complexity.
Stage 1
Start stage Foundation
Recall core ideas and establish reliable methods.
50 questions available0/50 completedStage 2
Start stage Apply
Connect concepts and apply them in exam-style contexts.
30 questions available0/30 completedStage 3
Coming soonChallenge
Tackle advanced reasoning and multi-step questions.
Progress dashboard
Topic practice
Recommended next: Reactivity 1: entropy and spontaneity (HL)
01
Reactivity 1: entropy and spontaneity (HL)
Not startedBorn-Haber cycles, entropy and Gibbs free energy.
0%0/30 complete
02Reactivity 2: acid-base equilibria (HL)
Not startedpH curves, buffer solutions and acid-base indicators.
0%0/30 complete
03Reactivity 3: electron transfer (HL)
Not startedStandard electrode potentials, cell EMF and electrolysis calculations using Faraday's law.
0%0/30 complete
04Structure 2: advanced bonding (HL)
Not startedFormal charge, resonance, expanded octets, hybridization, and bond enthalpy calculations.
0%0/36 complete
05Structure 3: transition metals (HL)
Not startedTransition metal electron configurations, complex ions, color, and catalysis.
0%0/34 complete
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This is unofficial practice under accuracy, provenance, and rights review. Use the latest official subject guide to confirm syllabus coverage and examination requirements.